feedback as means to prepare the text for formal peer-review by engaging with the following questions: -What are the central arguments that the author is engaging? What the central debates that the author is engaging with?

-What are some of challenges to the arguments?

What are some of the ways in which the central argument can be buttressed and augmented?

The discussant will engage with the chapter for approximately 15 minutes, allowing an additional ten minutes for questions and discussions. We envision this workshop as a place to get the chapters ready for peer-review.

The workshops and conference will speak to this extensive literature of race applied to the area of individual research area, and will be framed around an element pertaining to the four questions posed.

Description of the Knowledge to be Disseminated

Two questions are posed in an effort to consolidate racism scholarship which has been disserviced by the slipperiness of the concept of racism (Bonilla-Silva; Dei; Fleras 2014; Gilroy 2000; Henry and Tator; Hesse; Ku et al, 2019; Miles 1989; Satzewich 2011; Wimmer 2015; Winant 2015) and to think about building solidarity (Davis; Mohanty; Saranillio). Racism is also highly complex and multi-faceted; it is a common occurrence in various sectors and institutions (e.g. labour market, health, media), occurs at various societal levels (e.g. individual, systemic) and varies in manifestations (e.g. overt/covert, microaggressions) across different racialized peoples (Carbado and Gulati, 2013; Environics 2016; Fleras 2014; Fleras and Kunz 2001; Gabra & Sorentino, 2019; Galabuzi 2006; Heer, Ma, Bhandar and Gilmour

2012; Hier and Bolaria 2007; Ku 2006; Mahatani 2001; Osajima 1998; Tuck & Yang, 2012; Zong2007).

Because racism manifests and is experienced in very different ways for diverse groups, attempts to define racism have been inadequate. These attempts are also highly contested (Dei 1996; Fenelon 2016; Fleras 2014; Gilroy 2000; Hesse 2011; Lentin 2016; Satzewich 2011; Wimmer 2015; Winant 2015).

Instead, we will look at literature that challenges Indigenous dispossession and the Manichean construction of race as the binary of white supremacy/Black negation and the duality of cultures and peoples as civilized inheritors of the earth against the un-developed less-than- human subjects (Fanon 1967; Goldberg 1993; Mignolo 2011). Framing our project as challenging such constructions is a path to explore the interconnectedness of people occupying different positions in the racial hierarchy (Bannerji 1993; Dua and Robertson 1999; Razack 2002; Lawrence & Dua 2005). Such a project follows a small but impressive collection of situated analyses of racism (Henry & Tator, 2009; Razack et al, 2010; Henry et al, 2017).

The uneven oppressions and privileges among different groups is a major challenge to critical race scholarship. Furthermore, intersectionality renders it even more difficult to focus on racism precisely because of the multiple affiliations that actors have. Even as the fragmentation of the study of racism is noted, there is a nascent literature on understanding the experiences of people of colour and im/migrant settlers in relation to Indigenous peoples and settler colonialism that attempt to provide the ground for building solidarity and shared understanding and identification of common problems (Byrd 2017; Day; Ku in press; Mamdani). The mutually sustaining relationship among settler colonialism, indigeneity, western imperialism, white supremacy and post/neo-colonial capitalism is an area for further development to begin to tie local experiences of racism to global processes, to see far-reaching possibilities for solidarity among diverse peoples affected by these related processes (Davis; Mohanty;

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